ABSTRACT Isotopic labeling of plants is useful in tracking the fate of carbon (C) from different plant parts in a soil-plant system when these parts decompose simultaneously. Pulse labeling is a relatively simple technique and is amenable for use in the field. Therefore, we evaluated a 13CO2 pulse-labeling method to label crop plants under subtropical field conditions for simultaneous root and shoot decomposition studies. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), pea (Pisum sativum L.), and vetch (Vicia sativa L.) plants were grown inside polyvinyl chloride (PVC) cylinders and pulse labeled once a week for a total of 11 times. After harvest, “paired” treatments were designed by combining 13C-labeled shoots with unlabeled roots and unlabeled shoots with 13C-labeled roots, resulting in six treatments (2 combinations × 3 species), plus an unamended control treatment. The 13C enrichment of plant parts, chemical fractions, 13C recovery, and distribution in roots, shoots, and soil were determined. Soil CO2 emissions were measured continuously by the alkaline trap method for 180 days. Plant dry matter production and chemical composition were not modified by 13C labeling. The maximum level of 13C enrichment (δ13C) in plants was +495 %o in wheat, +426 %o in pea, and +378 ‰ in vetch plants. All three crops showed similar patterns of 13C distribution in the following order: shoots > roots > soil. On average, 81 to 89 % of the recovered 13C was in the shoots, 7 to 14 % was in the roots, and 2.7 to 4.3 % was in the soil. The rate of C mineralization and cumulative C mineralization were not different between “paired” treatments of the three crops, showing that the paired treatments were equally degradable. The pulse-labeling technique used under field conditions allowed for production of sufficiently labeled wheat, pea, and vetch plants. Therefore, it is a practical approach with respect to resource demand (tracer and labor costs), and it is suitable for in situ labeling.

ABSTRACT Recycling of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) from plants into soils is decisive for maintaining soil organic matter and soil fertility. Therefore, we quantified plant biomass and C and N in the shoots and roots from the topsoil layer for a wide range of annual crops grown under subtropical conditions. We grew 26 species, 13 main crops, and 13 cover crops, in the field in standard sowing arrangements. Root biomass was recovered from the 0.00-0.20 m soil layer at flowering, and shoot biomass was measured at flowering for all crops and at maturity only for the main crops. Root dry matter (DM) exhibited an average of 14.9 ± 5.7 % of the total shoot biomass at flowering, and the mean shoot DM to root DM ratio was 6.9 (2.8-15.0) for the 26 crops considered. Leguminous species had less root DM (0.5 to 1.0 Mg ha-1) than grass species (1.1 to 2.3 Mg ha-1). The shoot C to root C ratio varied consistently with DM, while the root N to shoot N ratio varied considerably among species. Proportionally more biomass, C, and N was allocated to the root systems of grasses (Poaceae species) than non-grass species (especially Fabaceae species). The findings of this study contribute to designing rotations to include species that promote cycling of N and have high potential for adding C to the soil through roots. In this sense, the use of intercropped grasses and legumes is a promising strategy, especially for cover crops.

A mineralização do C de dejetos de suínos e de palhas de cereais é um processo ainda relativamente pouco estudado no Brasil. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a mineralização do C da palha de aveia, dos dejetos líquidos de suínos e da cama sobreposta de suínos, aplicados na superfície ou incorporados em um Argissolo Vermelho distrófico arênico, em condições de laboratório. Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições dos seguintes tratamentos: solo; solo + palha incorporada; solo + palha em superfície; solo + cama sobreposta incorporada; solo + cama sobreposta em superfície; solo + dejetos líquidos incorporados; solo + dejetos líquidos em superfície; solo + palha + dejetos líquidos incorporados; e solo + palha + dejetos líquidos em superfície. Durante 80 dias de incubação, a emissão de CO2 foi medida continuamente. Ao final desse período, observou-se que foram mineralizados 59 % do C dos dejetos líquidos e apenas 23 % do C da cama sobreposta. A incorporação dos materiais orgânicos ao solo não resultou em maior mineralização do C, quando comparado à permanência desses na superfície do solo. O N amoniacal, aplicado com os dejetos líquidos de suínos, não aumentou a mineralização do C da palha de aveia.

The C mineralization of pig manure and cereal straw is still relatively little studied in Brazil. The aim of this work was to evaluate C mineralization of oat straw, pig slurry and pig deep-litter, applied on the surface or incorporated in a Hapludalf soil, in laboratory conditions. The experiment was a completely randomized design with four replications of the following treatments: soil; soil + incorporated straw; soil + surface straw; soil + incorporated pig deep-litter; soil + surface pig deep-litter; soil + incorporated pig slurry; soil + surface pig slurry; soil + incorporated straw + pig slurry; and soil + surface straw + pig slurry. During the 80 days of incubation, the CO2 emission was measured continuously. After this period, 59 % of pig slurry C had been mineralized and only 23 % of deep-litter C. The soil incorporation of organic materials did not result in higher C mineralization, compared with organic material on the soil surface. Ammoniacal N, applied with pig slurry did not increase C oat straw mineralization.